Clothing systems, weather prediction, and staying comfortable in changing mountain conditions.
Master base layers, insulation, and shell layers for adaptable temperature regulation. Understand fabric properties like wicking, breathability, and weather resistance. Learn when to add or remove layers before you overheat or get chilled on the trail.
Read on Trail
Merino wool, synthetic, and silk base layers each have advantages for specific conditions. Learn about weight classifications from ultralight to expedition, moisture management, and odor resistance. Includes recommendations for summer, shoulder season, and winter base layer systems.
Read on Trail
Compare warmth-to-weight ratios, moisture resistance, and compression between insulation types. Learn when down's superior warmth justifies its water vulnerability versus synthetic's reliability in wet conditions. Includes care and storage tips for maximum loft retention and longevity.
Read on Trail
Understand breathability ratings, waterproof membrane technologies, and durability trade-offs. Learn the difference between hardshell and softshell jackets and when each excels. Includes maintenance tips for DWR coatings and seam sealing for long-term weather protection.
Read on Trail
Prevent overheating, hypothermia, and heat exhaustion with active temperature regulation. Learn to anticipate temperature changes before stops, climbs, and descents. Understand the vent-before-you-sweat principle and how wet clothing accelerates heat loss in wind.
Read on Trail
Keep fingers, toes, ears, and nose warm in freezing conditions. Learn glove systems from liner to mitten, sock layering, and when to add chemical warmers. Includes early frostbite recognition and field treatment before tissue damage becomes permanent.
Read on Trail
Predict storms, wind shifts, and clearing conditions using cloud formations and natural indicators. Understand orographic lift, afternoon thunderstorm development, and how valleys channel weather. Learn when to turn back and how quickly conditions can deteriorate in alpine zones.
Read on Trail
Pack critical backup layers and emergency shelter for unexpected weather. Learn about emergency bivy sacks, vapor barriers, and layering improvisation. Understand which items are worth carrying for emergency warmth versus weight versus likelihood of needing them on your routes.
Read on Trail